Definition

Tendons connect bones to muscles in the body. Flexor tendons of the thumb and fingers pull the fingers into a fist. The tendons are enclosed in a synovial sheath. When this sheath becomes inflamed it can cause trigger finger.

Usually, tendons slide easily through the sheath as the finger moves. In the case of trigger finger, the synovial sheath is swollen. The tendon cannot move easily. This causes the finger to remain in a flexed (bent) position. In mild cases, the finger may be straightened with a pop. In severe cases, the finger becomes stuck in the bent position. Usually, this condition can easily be treated.

Causes

Many cases of trigger finger are caused by:

• Swelling of the synovial sheath—tenosynovitis
• Genetics

Risk Factors

Trigger finger is more common in women, and in people aged 40-60 years old. Other factors that may increase your chance of trigger finger include:

• Overuse of the hand from repetitive motions, which can occur from:
  • Computer operation
  • Machine operation
  • Repeated use of hand tools
  • Playing musical instruments
• History of certain diseases, such as:
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Gout
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Diabetes

Symptoms

Trigger finger may cause:

• Finger or thumb stiffness
• Finger, thumb, or hand pain
• Swelling or a lump in the palm
• Catching or popping when straightening the finger or thumb
• Finger or thumb stuck in bent position

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. The physical exam may include:

• Asking you to move the affected finger or thumb
• Feeling the hand and fingers

Your doctor can diagnose trigger finger based on the exam. For severe cases, your doctor may refer you to a hand specialist.

Treatment

Talk with your doctor about the best plan for you. The goal of treatment is to reduce swelling and pain. This will allow the tendon to move freely in the sheath. Treatment options include the following:

Prevention

Avoid overuse of your thumb and fingers. If you have a job or hobby that involves repetitive motions of the hand, you can take the following steps:

• Adjust your workspace to minimize the strain on your joints.
• Alternate activities when possible.
• Take breaks throughout the day.

Ortho Info—American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://www.orthoinfo.org

HealthLink BC http://www.healthlinkbc.ca/

Trigger finger. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed
Updated July 9, 2013. Accessed September 30, 2014.

Vance MC, Tucker JJ, et al. The association of hemoglobin a1c with the prevalence of stenosing flexor tenosynovitis. J Hand Surg Am. 2012 Sep;37(9):1765-1769.