Definition

Pyloric stenosis is narrowing of the opening from the stomach to the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. Narrowing prevents food from passing freely between the 2 structures. Pyloric stenosis affects your baby’s ability to get adequate nutrition and hydration. The sooner your baby is treated, the better the outcomes.

Causes

The narrowing is caused by an enlarged muscle surrounding the pylorus. The exact cause of the enlarged muscle is unknown. It is believed to be the result of several factors, which may include:

• Genetics
• Structural defects that occur during fetal development
• Bacterial infection, such as Helicobacter pylori

Risk Factors

Pyloric stenosis is more common in male babies, especially if they are first born. Other factors that may increase your baby’s chance of pyloric stenosis include:

• Prematurity
• Family history of pyloric stenosis
• Bottle feeding
• Ethnicity—more common in Caucasian than in Hispanic, Asian, or African-American babies

Symptoms

Pyloric stenosis is rarely present at birth. Symptoms generally appear when babies are 3-12 weeks old. The most common symptom is forceful, projectile vomiting. This is because of the build up of formula or milk in the stomach that cannot pass into the small intestine.

Pyloric stenosis may also cause:

• Your baby to act hungry most of the time
• Weight loss
• Signs of dehydration, such as less urination, dry mouth, and crying without tears
• Fatigue
• Fewer bowel movements
• Blood-tinged vomit —occurs when repeated vomiting irritates the stomach, causing mild stomach bleeding

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your baby’s symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. In many babies, an olive-shaped knot caused by the presence of pyloric stenosis can be felt.

Imaging tests assess the stomach, small intestine, and other structures. These may include:

• Abdominal ultrasound
• Upper GI series

Treatment

If your baby is diagnosed with pyloric stenosis, they will be referred to a pediatric surgeon for treatment. Pyloric stenosis is treated with pyloroplasty (also called a pyloromyotomy), a procedure to relieve blockage.

Prior to surgery, fluids and electrolytes will be given by IV to correct any dehydration or electrolyte imbalances that are common in babies with pyloric stenosis. After the procedure, IV fluids are given until your baby can take all of their normal feedings by mouth.

Prevention

There are no current guidelines to prevent pyloric stenosis because the cause is unknown. Talk to your doctor about proper prenatal care before or during pregnancy.

The American Pediatric Surgical Association http://www.pediatricsurgerymd.org//AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home1

Health Canada http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca

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Peters B, Oomen MW, et al. Advances in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;8(5):533-541.

Pisacane A, de Luca U, Criscuolo L, et al. Breastfeeding and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: population-based case-control study. BMJ. 1996;312:745-746.

Pyloric stenosis. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed
Updated April 14, 2014. Accessed September 30, 2014.

White JS, Clements WD, Heggarty P, et al. Treatment of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in a district general hospital: a review of 160 cases. J Pediatr Surg. 2003;38:1333-1336.

11/4/2013 DynaMed’s Systematic Literature Surveillance. Available at:
http://dynamed.ebscohost.com:
McAteer JP, Ledbetter DJ, et al. Role of bottle feeding in the etiology of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167(12):1143-1149.