(Paralysis; Loss of Movement)
Definition
Definition
Paraplegia is the word used to describe the body’s loss of movement and/or feeling as a result of an injury to the nervous system.
Paraplegia is complete or partial paralysis of the lower half of the body.
Some people may resume some function. Many people with paraplegia may have long-term loss of function.
ParaplegiaCopyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
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Causes
Causes
Injury to the nervous system is the most common cause of paraplegia. Common injuries and other causes include:
- Broken neck
- Broken back
- Stroke
- Spinal cord injury
- Genetic disorder (hereditary spastic paraplegia)
- Congenital (present at birth)
- Infection
- Autoimmune diseases
- Tumor (either within the spinal cord or pushing on the spinal cord)
- Syrinx (a spinal cord disorder)
Risk Factors
Risk Factors
Paraplegia is often the result of an accident. People who participate in high-risk or high-contact sports or those who drive recklessly may be at greater risk.
Symptoms
Symptoms
Symptoms will depend on how much of the spinal cord is involved. Symptoms include:
- Loss of movement or muscle control in the legs, feet, toes, or trunk
- Loss of feeling in the legs, feet, toes, or trunk
- Tingling in the legs, feet, toes, or trunk
- Loss of bowel and bladder control
- Sexual difficulties
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Neurosurgeons, orthopedists, and neurologists are involved in diagnosis after a paralytic injury has occurred.
Images may need to be taken of your spine. This can be done with:
Your bodily fluids may need to be tested. This can be done with:
- Blood tests
- Lumbar puncture
An evoked potential nerve test may also be done to evaluate the nerve’s pathways.
Treatment
Treatment
Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include:
Emergency Medical Treatment
If you have an injury that causes paraplegia, emergency treatment is needed to prevent further damage to the nervous system. An evaluation will be done to determine the amount of damage. The doctor will decide what therapies are needed to prevent further injury and improve recovery. Steroids may be used to reduce the swelling of the spinal cord if it has been injured. Surgery may be done to help stabilize or relieve pressure on the spine. Surgery may be needed if a tumor is pushing on the spinal cord. Radiation therapy is another treatment option.
Mobility Devices
A wheelchair will help with your mobility. Part of your recovery will include finding a wheelchair that best suits your needs and how to use it properly.
Depending on the extent and location on the spine of your injury, you may be able to use a device that fits over your legs and part of your upper body. The fitted metal brace helps you to sit, stand, and/or walk with assistance of a caregiver. It is used in combination with other treatments, such as physical therapy.
Therapy and Rehabilitation
In most people, physical therapy and rehabilitation may help restore muscle function. Occupational and speech therapy may also be helpful.
Prevention
Prevention
Paraplegia is most often caused by injury or accident. The chance of injury resulting in paraplegia may be reduced by paying careful attention to environmental factors. Using safety equipment when playing sports and wearing seatbelts when driving will help reduce the chance that an accident will cause serious injury. You can also reduce these chances by avoiding risk-taking activities, like driving while under the influence or driving when tired.
RESOURCES:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
References:
Faden AI, Stoica B. Neuroprotection: challenges and opportunities [review]. Arch Neurol. 2007;64:794-800.
Kruszewski SP, Shane JA. Pregabalin in central neuropathic pain associated with spinal cord injury: a placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 2007;68:2158-2159.
Penas-Prado M, Loghin ME. Spinal cord compression in cancer patients: review of diagnosis and treatment. Curr Oncol Rep. 2008;10:78-85.
Sharma HS. Neurotrophic factors in combination: a possible new therapeutic strategy to influence pathophysiology of spinal cord injury and repair mechanisms [review]. Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13:1841-1874.
Shimizu H, Yozu R. Current strategies for spinal cord protection during thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;59(3):155-163.
NINDS spinal cord injury information page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke website. Available at:
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/sci/sci.htm
Updated October 24, 2014. Accessed November 20, 2014.
What is paraplegia? Spinal Injury Network website. Available at:
http://www.spinal-injury.net/paraplegia.htm
Accessed November 20, 2014.
7/8/2014 DynaMed’s Systematic Literature Surveillance
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed:
FDA allows marketing of first wearable, motorized device that helps people with certain spinal cord injuries to walk. US Food and Drug Administration website. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm402970.htm. Updated June 27, 2014. Accessed November 20, 2014.
Last Updated: 12/20/2014