Definition
Definition
Lead is a toxic metal that is common in the environment. Experts believe that no level of lead in the body is safe for children. Concern about lead poisoning in children occurs when lead reaches a level of 10 mcg/dL in the blood. Levels of 20 mcg/dL or more represent actual lead poisoning. This can lead to:
Lower levels of blood lead below currently accepted safe levels can lead to learning and/or behavioral difficulties. They can also delay puberty in boys.
Causes
Causes
Lead can be absorbed into the bloodstream by eating, drinking, or breathing contaminated particles.
Lead is used in many industrial processes and within the home. It can be found in:
- Paint
- Dust
- Soil
- Drinking water
- Food—rarely
Most homes built before 1960 contain some lead-based paint. This was banned from residential use in 1978. Dust containing lead can linger on windowsills and in window wells. Drinking water that travels through lead pipes, or through pipes with lead-based soldering, may also be contaminated. Lead can become mixed with dirt after it peels from paint on building exteriors. Industrial sources and car exhaust also contribute to the problem. Lead levels in the air have dropped since lead additives were banned from gasoline in the 1970s. Food produced outside of the United States can be contaminated if packaged in lead-soldered cans.
Risk Factors
Risk Factors
Children who are 6 and younger are at increased risk for lead poisoning. Factors that increase your child’s risk for lead poisoning include:
- Ingesting non-food items, also known as pica—a behavior in most young children and some children with neurodevelopmental disorders
- Living in a house or apartment built before 1960
- Living in neighborhoods where homes were built before 1960
- Living in a home with adults whose work or hobbies put them in contact with lead
- Receiving transfusions from adults who have relatively high lead levels in the blood. This is a special risk for small infants receiving newborn intensive care.
- Being born to a mother who has high levels of lead stored in her bones. Pregnancy often causes this lead to move from the bones to the bloodstream. It may cross the placenta and affect a developing baby.
- Breast milk may also contain lead. Nursing mothers who live in houses with lead hazards may transmit lead to their babies through breastfeeding.
Placenta Blood FlowCopyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
|
Symptoms
Symptoms
Children with lead poisoning often show no symptoms. However, the toxic metal can negatively affect nearly every system in the body.
One of the most serious concerns is lead’s harmful effect on the neurological system. For every 10 mcg/dL increase in blood lead levels, there is a 2-3 point decline in IQ test scores. Lead poisoning is also associated with neurodevelopment problems, such as:
- Attention deficit disorder (ADD)
- Other behavioral disturbances
- Learning disabilities
- Motor skill deficits
Other possible signs of lead poisoning include:
- Headache
- Pain or numbness in the extremities
- Muscle weakness
- Nausea and vomiting
- Loss of appetite, abdominal pain
- Impaired hearing
- Memory loss
- Fatigue
- Sleep disturbances
- Mood disorders
- Dental and bone abnormalities
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
You will be asked about your child’s symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Lead poisoning is diagnosed with a blood test.
The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that children at high risk for lead poisoning have their blood levels tested. This should be done until the age of 3 for all children and until the age of 4 to 5 in children who are at higher risk.
Treatment
Treatment
Treatment depends on the severity of lead poisoning.
Treatment may include:
Environmental Controls
If your child has mild-to-moderate lead poisoning (20-44 mcg/dL), medication may not be prescribed. Doctors will work with social workers and public health officials to eliminate lead at home and at school. They then carefully monitor blood levels until the lead naturally works its way out of your child’s system.
Medications
If your child has moderate to severe lead poisoning (45-69 mcg/dL), medication will be needed. Medications may include oral or IV chelating agents that bind to lead and speed its removal from your child’s body through urine. Blood levels above 70 mcg/dL are considered acute cases. Hospitalization and emergency medical treatment are necessary.
Prevention
Prevention
Take the following steps to decrease the risk of lead poisoning for your children:
Avoid Lead
-
Have your home’s paint and water tested if you:
- Live in a home built before 1960
- Think your child is being exposed to lead
- Safely remove any lead you find. Your state’s Department of Public Health will help with this process.
- Keep young children away from peeled or chipped paint.
- Wash children’s toys regularly.
- Make sure children wash their hands before eating.
Keep It Clean
Try not to vacuum hard surfaces. Instead, use wet wipes or lead-absorbing detergents to avoid spreading lead-filled dust. Vacuuming with cleaners that use HEPA air filtration may be safe and effective for floors and other hard surfaces. Eliminating lead hazards usually requires window replacement and careful surface repainting. Lead-containing dust tends to build up in carpets. Until further evidence about effective carpet cleaning becomes available, replacement of carpets is the only known way to reduce risks from floor coverings. When outside dirt is contaminated, it may need to be dug up and replaced with clean soil.
Play in Safe Areas
Take the following precautions:
- Encourage children to play in grassy areas instead of dirt.
- Keep children away from foundations of older homes where peeling paint may have contaminated the surrounding soil.
- If there is a chance of lead exposure outside the home, have everyone take off their shoes before coming inside.
-
Certain adult hobbies can expose children to lead poisoning. These include:
- Making stained glass—where lead is involved
- Soldering electrical devices with lead-containing solder
- Fishing with lead-containing sinkers
Parents who work with lead or whose hobbies involve lead should take special precautions to protect themselves and their children from lead contact.
RESOURCES:
United States Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety http://www.ccohs.ca
References:
Lead. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/
Updated February 9, 2015. Accessed February 16, 2015.
Lead. US Environmental Protection Agency website. Available at:
http://www.epa.gov/lead
Updated January 21, 2015. Accessed February 16, 2015.
Lozoff B, Jimenez E, et al. Higher infant blood lead levels with longer duration of breastfeeding. J Pediatr. 2009 Nov;155(5):663-667.
Ronchetti R, Van Den Hazel P, et al. Lead neurotoxicity in children: is prenatal exposure more important than postnatal exposure? Acta Paediatr. 2006;95:45-49.
7/2/2010 DynaMed’s Systematic Literature Surveillance
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed:
Williams PL, Sergeyev O, Lee MM, et al. Blood lead levels and delayed onset of puberty in a longitudinal study of Russian boys. Pediatrics. 2010;125(5):e1088-1096.
Last Updated: 5/1/2014